Contents 2004-2026
Contents 2004-2026
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Neanderthals have long fascinated both the scientific community and the general public. They represent a European lineage from the Middle to Late Pleistocene. Over the past century and a half, thousands of fossils have described a species with large brains, robust bodies, and a unique craniofacial architecture. Still, a unified explanation for their peculiar cranial morphology has remained elusive. In particular, the Neanderthal face—with its projecting midface, broad nose, and receding cheekbones—has often been viewed as a collection of adaptations: to cold climates, to heavy chewing, or to specific muscular demands. Similarly, their cranial base and cervical spine have often been studied separately, yielding a series of partial hypotheses but little consensus on how these regions functioned together. In a recent review article published in Evolutionary Anthropology (Boggioni et al., 2025), we aimed to revisit decades of detailed anatomical descriptions and this long-standing interpretative puzzle through an integrative lens.... continue
Nestled along the rugged coastline of Finale Ligure, the Arene Candide Cave’s wide limestone entrance belies its profound significance as one of Europe’s richest prehistoric archives. For over 20,000 years, its sunlit, sheltered chambers served as both refuge and ritual space for diverse human communities. Spanning from the Upper Palaeolithic to historic periods, the cave preserves an extraordinary and continuous stratigraphic record in which the gestures of everyday life and the rituals of death are intertwined in a layered memory of human presence.
The first explorations, carried out by Arturo Issel in the late nineteenth century, inaugurated a long tradition of research that continued with the excavations of Luigi Bernabò Brea and Luigi Cardini in the 1940s and 1950s. It was during these campaigns that the famous Palaeolithic burials... continue
We live in an increasingly globalised world, where geographical barriers seem to dissolve under the weight of digital connectivity and the seemingly limitless production and distribution of goods. With our smartphones, we can virtually visit distant metropolises, see things that have happened in any corner of the world, and buy things we did not even know existed until recently. We feel like citizens of a planet without borders, where everything is both different and the same. It is an illusion that surrounds us and gives us a pleasant feeling of freedom and wealth: everything, even the most distant or extravagant, is within reach of the eye, the ear and, if necessary, the hand. It all seems so easy and satisfying, almost as if it were the work of magic. But... let’s take a moment to breathe and ask ourselves a question: if we look beyond the surface of this limitless web... continue
North Africa is a key area for understanding cultural processes that led to the pan-African emergence of the Acheulean, which is considered a major technological advance and a key turning point in human evolution. Unfortunately, little is known about this topic in this vast area due to the scarceness of well-dated archaeological sites and in-depth lithic studies. In this issue are presented the techno-economic behaviours from Thomas Quarry I – Unit L (Casablanca, Morocco), which is the earliest Acheulean site of North Africa unambiguously dated to 1.3 Ma. Technical projects evidence the complexity of the mental templates as well as the flexible structure of the operational schemes and are characterised by a high diversification of the stone knapping productions, which once again question the uniformity of the African Acheulean.
Special issue The power of 100
Nothing magical, but rather special. One hundred… “100”… is a round number that arouses a feeling of perfection. But 100 also has a particular power: with just three numbers in sequence, it can enclose stories full of meanings and insight. Like those of the (few) humans who manage to celebrate their 100th birthday, or the events that have characterized the centuries that preceded us and, hopefully, those to come. This year we have our own 100th to celebrate: the 100th issue of the JASs. There are tens of thousands of scientific journals today, so what’s special about ours? Is the story behind these 100 volumes worth telling? ... continue
Next questions in Molecular Anthropology
The last conference of the Italian Anthropological Association (AAI), held in Padova in September 2019, closed with a roundtable aimed at discussing what would be the next questions in Biological Anthropology. Here we expand on a subset of the topics touched during that conference, wondering what could be the next questions in Molecular Anthropology, and asking their perspective to several experts in the field ... continue
Reshaping the flagship initiatives of the Italian Institute of Anthropology in the new pandemic world
Reshaping the flagship initiatives of the Italian Institute of Anthropology in the new pandemic world
The dramatic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human societies has prompted us to reshape the two flagship initiatives of the Italian Institute of Anthropology (ISItA), the “Manifesto of Human Diversity and Unity” and the Open Access Initiatives (Oasis)... continue
Grasping the genetic determinants of human adaptations: the “Kings of the Mountains” (Sherpa) case study
Grasping the genetic determinants of human adaptations: the “Kings of the Mountains” (Sherpa) case study
Considerable biological and cultural adaptabilities represent some of the main strengths of the Homo sapiens species and probably the cornerstone on which our amazing evolutionary success is based. These characteristics have provided key prerequisites for anatomically modern humans to spread all over the world and to effectively colonize a variety of environmental and ecological contexts, which triggered diversified metabolic... continue
The Manifesto of Human Diversity and Unity, eighty years after the Italian racial laws
The Manifesto of Human Diversity and Unity, eighty years after the Italian racial laws
On July 14, 1938, the “Manifesto della razza” was published in “Il Giornale d’Italia” with the title “Il Fascismo e il problema della razza” (see Appendix). This document claimed the existence of a “pure Italian race”, in the biological sense of the term, which would have remained substantially unchanged for more than a thousand years years and whose “Aryan” origin preserved (Gillette, 2001). ... continue
A Cover Story for a Nature cover: genetic signature of human expansions into Eurasia revealed by a panel of worldwide high coverage genomes
A Cover Story for a Nature cover: genetic signature of human expansions into Eurasia revealed by a panel of worldwide high coverage genomes
We are an African species, and as such it is clear that in order for Homo sapiens to be present in all habitable lands worldwide, some major expansion must have occurred at some point during our evolutionary history. The so called “Out of Africa” expansion (OoA), being crucial to the for- mation of all modern non-African human populations, has long been subject of study and debate in the broader field of Human Evolution... continue
What made us human? Biological and cultural evolution of Homo sapiens
What made us human? Biological and cultural evolution of Homo sapiens
The science of human evolution has recently been changing rapidly, and we know that Homo sapiens is the last surviving branch of a once-luxuriant tree of hominid species. Until very recent times, our lineage shared the planet with several other human species, such as those containing Homo neanderthalensis, Homo erectus and Homo floresiensis. Following its biological and anatomical birth in Africa around 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens spread around the world, following multiple paths of expansion that ... continue
Our diversity and the Italian Constitution: do we really need human races?
Our diversity and the Italian Constitution: do we really need human races?
We anthropologists do not always think in the same way. There is nothing strange in this. Integrating different lines of evidence - whether it be paleontological, genetic or cultural - is necessary to really understand human evolution. Considering how ambitious and sophisticated this approach is, it is hardly surprising there are gray areas which, inevitably, will give rise to different views.However, we all agree on one important point: the biological diversity that we observe today within and among human populations not only provides us... continue
Open data, Science and Society: launching Oasis, the flagship initiative of the Istituto Italiano di Antropologia
Open data, Science and Society: launching Oasis, the flagship initiative of the Istituto Italiano di Antropologia
The Open Data philosophy has gained considerable momentum in recent years, both in society and the scientific community. The accessibility via web of open data from the public sector has remarkably increased in the last decade, although there are substantial differences among nations (http://datacatalogs.org/). The expectation of many citizens, organizations and pressure groups (the so called “open government” movement) ... continue
A Cover Story for a Nature cover: milking in the prehistoric ‘Green Sahara’
A Cover Story for a Nature cover: milking in the prehistoric ‘Green Sahara’
Central Sahara is one of the African hotspots for the study of the emergence and development of pastoralism during the Early Holocene. Recent research carried out in the Tadrart Acacus (SW Libya) added significant information on the first appearance of domestic livestock in the area, the building of a pastoral identity and the development of a full pastoral economy, based on the exploitation of secondary products, including dairying. The chemical analyses of pottery residues excavated at Takarkori rock shelter together with ... continue
The first modern Europeans
The first modern Europeans
The discovery of new human fossil remains is one of the most obvious ways to improve our understanding of the dynamics of human evolution. The reanalysis of existing fossils using newer methods is also crucial, and may lead to a reconsideration of the biological and taxonomical status of some specimens, and improve our understanding of highly debated periods in human prehistory. This is particularly true for those remains that have previously been studied using traditional approaches, with only morphological descriptions and ... continue
Human corpses as time capsules: new perspectives in the study of past mass disasters
Human corpses as time capsules: new perspectives in the study of past mass disasters
Looking at the corpses of past natural catastrophes can change completely the conception of how to study human bone remains. The recovery of the Herculaneum victims of the 79 AD Vesuvius eruption was an opportunity for me to adopt a new approach in the study of human skeletons and their context of discovery. During two years of field work, my first aim was to investigate the effects of pyroclastic surges ... continue
Bantu-Khoisan interactions at the edge of the Bantu expansions: insights from southern Angola
Bantu-Khoisan interactions at the edge of the Bantu expansions: insights from southern Angola
For a human population geneticist, an interest in Africa hardly requires an explanation. With the highest time depth of human history and over 2000 linguistic groups spreading across highly diverse geographical settings, Africa harbors a tremendous variety of genetic patterns that remain to be explained. My own interest in African populations started with São Tomé, a tiny plantation island located ... continue [download the poster]
The life histories of fossil hominins
The life histories of fossil hominins
In recent years a number of research projects concerning the evolutionary history of South African Plio-Pleistocene Hominins have been devoted to the reconstruction of specifi c aspects of the biology of these species. Th e increased number of fossil remains recovered and the use of new methods and new technological analyses have made it possible to extract a relevant amount of new information which until recently was completely unknown. One example of this, for instance, regards the lifestyle ... continue [download the poster]
Digital Morphology: modelling anatomy and evolution
Digital Morphology: modelling anatomy and evolution
Th e morphology and anatomy of a biological structure can be seen as a structural and functional system, the fi nal results of evolutionary pressures and stochastic processes related to the actual physical and physiological environment of its components. Th e current imaging techniques (digital anthropology) and the multivariate approaches to the study of geometric covariation (geometric morphometrics) provide a quantitative exploration of the extant and extinct human variability. Such tools... continue [download the poster]
The genetic history of Italy: a male perspective
The genetic history of Italy: a male perspective
My research interests are related to the processes influencing the distribution of genetic variation across human populations. Th is has led my investigation across a number of different fields, from history to anthropology, using research tools offered by genetics. I am particularly interested in Y-chromosome markers to investigate population genetic history in order to provide new prospective and test alternative hypotheses. As part of my research I have also been involved in the molecular analysis of fossil remains... continue . [download the poster]
Primate conservation and taxonomy
Primate conservation and taxonomy
he 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity revived interest in taxonomy. Coupled with the advancement of molecular techniques and how species are considered, this led to a true revolution of primate taxonomy and systematics which is today fundamental for setting objective conservation priorities. However even the relatively well-known order Primates show that biased taxonomic knowledge and assessments make it difficult to arrive at any firm conclusions regarding conservation priorities. Past interest in ... continue . [download the poster]
The power of the few
The power of the few
The quest for reconstructing Classic Maya noble history is becoming ever more popular in the academic community. Still, Maya biographic research is mainly warranted by the intricate written records on Maya courtly life provided by epigraphy. In recent years, bioarchaeological research has increasingly provided direct evidence which adds to the written biographies of the Maya past, even though its contribution is still limited to the few kings and queens whose skeletal remains ... continue [download the poster] [supplement]
African Pygmies, a more complicated tale
African Pygmies, a more complicated tale
Everyone knows that Anthropologists are continuously in search of characters which make humans different and, even more, of the micro-evolutionary reasons behind the biological variation of our species. Therefore, the special interest generated by African Pygmies in our field of research is hardly surprising. In fact, these populations are strikingly different from many others in one of most noticeable external characters, stature. African Pygmies are also peculiar from... continue
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